1 Springer and Nature Publishing Group (and Macmillan) merged into Springer Nature in 2015, but since their agreements are still negotiated separately it is still useful to discuss them separately.
3 https://esac-initiative.org/
5 https://www.intact-project.org/openapc/
6 Later 4,167 articles, as two more institutions joined (the Equality Ombudsman and Sophiahemmet University College) during the term. However, the analyses in this study were based on data from the 40 institutions that initially signed the agreement.