1. The terms ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ are highly contested and some scholars prefer to use the (perhaps equally problematic) terms ‘developing nations’ or similar (Toshkov, 2018). For more on the difficulties of geo-social specificity in OA discourses, see the grammatical and terminological notes in the forthcoming volume edited by Eve and Gray (2020).

2. Certainly, one could envisage a system of private toll roads, but this leads to a vast inequality in standard of tarmac in rural and low-population-density areas, for instance.

3. While on the subject of libraries, we also wish to highlight the need for libraries to ensure that OA materials are properly catalogued and indexed. This is an additional matter of displaced labour that is taken for granted in the subscription world, but may not be so expected in the OA world.

4. Indeed, we do not see free-riders as a threat. Rather, they represent an opportunity for us to show libraries that their constituents are choosing to publish OA with us.

5. A comparison could also be made to the perseverance of print in the digital age, although the evidence is still out on reading methods differing physiologically on screen.